Life at Dhaba Essay

Life at Dhaba(local restaurant) Shisha(water pipe).! For my ethnography I chose to study the life at restaurant popularly known for its shisha (water pipe). It is located near my building at clifton which is quite vissable from my gallery as the restaurant is in open air. The main focus of this ethnography is to compare the norm (expected patterns of behavior) of people who come to smoke. The restaurant is more popularly known as dhaba (local restaurant) which serves local cuisine chicken karahi, mutton, paratha’s, all varieties of heavily spiced pulses and tea; it is provided to meet the every food necessities of the people. Dhaba is open 24 hours a day and shisha’s are served after 6pm. Two three kids and young boys wearing torn kurtas functioned as waiters and cleaners and kept the place in order. Tables and chairs are placed in an open environment while on the corner a long table with fancy water pipes and around 30 different flavored tobacco packets placed on it. My observation for this report spanned over a twelve day period. Four of these days I started my observation in morning and continued till evening, while other eight days I observed at night. The first things that I took note were the different jobs and the special tasks that the employees are expected to carry out. There are many jobs including four cooks for B-B-Q, tea, tandoor (is used for cooking and backing) and cook for other dishes such as Karahi, pulses, etc. Two persons run the water pipe counter one serves and the other makes it with loose flavored tobacco. Three to four dish washers are also present. I observed people of different ages at dhaba teens and young male were usually gathered in groups while aged male were mostly sitting alone. Waterpipe was usually ordered by teens and young males, no aged person was observed smoking water pipe they usually ordered tea or meal. While watching groups of people smoking water pipe one thing common in every group was playing card, poker (a card game played by two or more persons, in which the players bet on the value of their hands, the winner taking the pool) was usually played as poker chips were observed on most of the table’s playing card. Continuous voice prevailed around calling waiters by their name to either place their orders or make seating arrangements and different group of boys were yelling enjoying their game and water pipe. Different flavors (apple, mint, watermelon, strawberry etc) of water pipe were being ordered and the common thing I noticed among all ages of people was cigarette smoking even the teens were involved in cigarette smoking may be due to peer pressure. Mostly people came to enjoy the open air and smoke (as shisha is addictive and contains stimulant nicotine which makes person relax). Tea and paratha was the most ordered item as I could see waiters wearing torn kurta’s carrying tray with five to six cups almost to every table. After 8pm many people come to have their dinner as the dhaba serves almost all local dishes at a reasonable rate. My observation at night lasted eight days, one thing strange that I observed these eight days was that a police mobile came usually after 10 pm with three to four policemen in uniform to have their dinner and tea and, left without paying, questioning the waiter I came to know that police had threatened to empty the open space occupied by the dhaba so the owner of the dhaba had to compromise. Beggars move from table to table begging some people pay them money and some order food for them. The other four day my observation started from morning to evening, the first thing that I noted were few people at morning compared to night as the only thing available in morning were tea, paratha and egg(half fry and omelet). Water pipes were not served in morning, people came to have their breakfast and enjoy the morning sunrise. Between 11 am to 2pm dhaba is usually empty and the cooks prepare dishes between these hours because after 2 pm there is a sudden rush of people at dhaba due to office breaks. People from different offices come to have their lunch most of them are from Pakistan state oil head office (PSO) as it is at a walking distance from dhaba. Third morning I observed group of eight teens in uniform bunking from school at dhaba were having breakfast after which they forced the waiter to make them a shisha and the waiter agreed , they smoked for almost two hours and left giving waiter a huge tip. The waiters serving there have inborn quality of serving their customers. They have not passed through any waiter workshop or hotel management courses; still respond the best under intense pressure. The customers in these tea points cross the entire limit and even abuse the waiters for the quick delivery of their orders. The waiters however in retaliation remain calm and kind to their customers with a genuine smile on their face. The last day of my observation I interviewed a waiter named Rabnawaz, I asked him to state the difference between the orders of different age people visiting dhaba, he replied â€Å"mostly young males and teenagers in group of 3 or more order shisha, tea and parathas. If the shisha is not available we only earn 40% as compared to the days when shisha is available while aged people usually order dishes karahi, pulses etc with tandoor roti. † In conclusion I have found that Water pipe smoking is gaining popularity among the young generation, school and college students and it is easily available in the restaurants, hotels. Mostly people visit dhaba to taste the flavors of local dish with enjoying in an open air and young male visit to enjoy with their friends in gathering relaxing in an open environment playing cards and smoking water pipe.

My Religious Belief System Essay

My religious belief system is embedded in Christianity. I was born into a family who worshiped as Methodist and I am still Methodist. Growing up my mother not only sent us to church, she went with us along with my grandmother, aunts, uncles and cousins. Even though my father did not attend church often, he believed in God and supported my mother’s desire to have her children in church. The neighborhood I grew up in consisted of a great deal of my mother’s family and everyone served at the same church, right there in the community. My religious beliefs, directed my life in the sense of keeping my family close, taking my children to church, and teaching them the right way. I remember before my baptism, my pastor explained to me the importance of being baptized and partaking in communion. The first time I accepted communion at the age of 12, I felt like I was receiving a part of Jesus in my body as protection against anything and everything. Later, I learned the real reason for communion is repentance and the need for forgiveness. My nurturing from church became an ethical path growing up. Without this direction in my life, a number of things I have experienced would probably cause me to detour too another way of thinking and doing things. My definition of a religious belief system is believe in God, involving yourself in worship and praise services and comprehending and living by a standard outlined by the word of God. In addition to that my beliefs tie in with the definition stated above. I am a Christian and with that being said, I believe in God and his son Jesus Christ. I truly believe Christ is our Lord and Savior who came into existence because of our sins and for that reason, I believe Christ died after he was crucified on the cross and 3 days later, he rose with all power over everything in heavens and earth. I believe Christ died for the sins of the entire world so that every living being may have life and live it more abundantly and when the time comes for our bodies to return to dust or dirt then our souls will join him in heaven if we believe he is Lord. From what I read and from what I am constantly learning from the Bible, I grasp what is required of me as an individual and as a Christian in association with my conduct, meaning the way I behave toward others, and so forth. The Bible is an excellent guideline of what God expects us to do. By now, it seems obvious what I believe and it appears to be apparent that my belief system is absolutely a religious belief system. I pray constantly without ceasing for my children, my entire family and everyone I consider crucial to me. After analyzing my belief system, I grew into different facets of my religious belief system through phases of my life. For example, I knew several prayers at a young age but I did not understand how crucial prayer was concerning my religious beliefs. I recall as a young girl being on my knees along beside my grandmother saying my prayers. I remember her teaching one prayer for night and one for the mornings. Even as a teenager, I realized some of the proper characteristics of my belief system but being young in mind I did not always adhere to that belief. I always knew deep inside because of what my belief is that some things I will not do. I do not consider myself a saint and I have made some terrible decisions but not to the point where I ignored my conscious which convicts us. Now that I have reached adulthood and I have experienced other things like marriage, having children, and coping with tragedies the significance of my belief system advanced and I know today I am almost whole. The benefits and disadvantages of acquiring my belief system are a distant stretch. The benefits of my religious belief system is knowing God always watches over me in spite of my faults and the ungodly decisions I have made in my life, I know he will always look after me and never leave me and that is a enormous benefit. One disadvantage to my belief system is any individual may easily disobey laws we find ordained throughout the scriptures. For example, I concur lying about another individual or one may even consider this gossip about other people is not a pleasant thing to do. I loathed a liar, when I know someone is telling a lie that bothers me. I hear people gossiping all the time and it seems to be an easy task. This is just one example but not a small one not in God’s eyesight. However, it exemplifies the point. Numerous things can violate God’s word whether you meant to be â€Å"disobedient† or not to the laws, it still considered a violation. The observable disadvantage is, unless you are perfect you are going to sin against God’s word because no one is perfect but the Father. In reality, a portion of my belief system is the entire concept of believing that each of us was born in an imperfect world and everyone will sin at some point in our lives. Once more, we see the reason we have Jesus. I know he died for our sins to save us and God is a forgiving God. The role of tradition in my religious belief system is tremendous. Sometimes I reminisce over things I did as a child like waiting on Santa and not being able to sleep on Christmas Eve. I evidently was not thinking about the truth, this particular holiday was about the birth of Christ at that time. Later on, my children went through this identical custom every year. On the other hand, this tradition means a great deal more to me now. Every year during this time, I give gifts to my children, grandchildren and other family but the most important thing is I attend church for praise and worship. I participate with my church family presenting gifts and food to different people who are alone at Christmas and for those confined to the nursing home and no one to spend time with them. Another tradition my family started was to invite someone less fortunate than we are for dinner and family fun. I remember when my children and I were at a point of just feeling alone and destitute, but the joy I felt when someone helped me is the kind of feeling I wanted to pass on to someone else especially during this time of the year. In addition to that I realize as an individual, I must be mindful of others and his or hers religious beliefs or religious practices. The society we exist in today is a mixture of different cultures and ethnicity and at any given moment, my next-door neighbor could be a Mexican or someone from India as well as a Christian. To be attentive of the beliefs of others is truly the most humane thing to do. I have respect for other people and whatever religion one might choose to par take in. I make an effort not to get into a dispute with people over religion or their religious beliefs because of the sensitivity of the subject. My contemplation is that I value other people’s religion enough not to bring it up. My belief system has molded me and transformed my mine to different way of thinking. My religious belief has advanced and developed over the years. Unique circumstances have caused me to become intelligent, sturdy and more thoughtful. My religious beliefs are continually increasing and to be truthful like me in this quest of improving my life and my education many obstacles come testing me. Sometimes I find myself with some deep-seated views surrounding certain individuals and circumstances. In remembering the past events in my life my belief system, my religious belief system has kept me committed to whom and what I have become.

Understanding The ADD and ADHD

Attention Deficit Disorder Kam Bisel Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is a problem that affects 5% to 10% of all children. ADD affect more children than any other childhood problems except asthma. It is estimated to be the largest single cause for first referrals to child guidance clinics throughout the country, making up as many as 40% of those cases. Many ADD cases are not diagnosed because the problem most often does not show in the doctors office. Current estimates suggest that approximately 50 to 65% of the children with ADD will have symptoms of the disorder as adolescents and adults. Although ADD has just recently been discovered and there is still relatively little known about it. In 1902, George Frederick Still believed the dilemma of the problem child was linked to a biological defect inherited from an injury at birth and not the result of the environment. Through 1930-40's stimulant drugs were first used to successfully treat many behavior problems due in part by Still's hypothesis. In 1960, Stella Chess researched in the field by writing about the â€Å"hyperactive child syndrome. She took Still's hypothesis further stating that the resulting behavior problems stem from a biological cause, although it is linked to a genetic inheritance rather then a birth defect from an injury. Finally, in 1980, the syndrome was named Attention Deficit Disorder, due in large part to Virginia Douglas's work to find accurate ways to diagnose it (Hallowell 2). This is currently how it stands in the axis two of the DSM-IV today, with the addition of a new category Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and there sub types. Most scientist now believe that an abnormality in brain chemistry could be to blame for the symptoms of Attention Deficit Disorder. The frontal lobes of the brain are believed to be responsible for the regulation of behavior and attention. They receive information from the lower brain, which regulates arousal and screens incoming messages from within and outside of the body. The limbic system which is a group of related nervous system structures located in the midbrain and linked to emotions and feelings then sends the messages to the frontal lobes. Finally, the frontal lobes are suspected to be the site of working memory, the place where information about the immediate environment is considered for memory storage, planning, and future-directed behavior. Scientist believe the activity in the frontal lobes is depressed in people with ADD. Studies also show, a decrease in the ability of the Attention Deficit Disorder brain to use glucose, the body's main source of energy, leading to slower and less efficient activity. Neurotransmitter provide the connection between one nerve cell and another. It is also now suspected that people with Attention Deficit Disorder have a chemical imbalance of a class of neurotransmitter called catecholamine. Dopamine, helps to form a pathway between the motor center of the midbrain and the frontal lobes, as well as a pathway between the limbic system and the frontal lobes. Without enough dopamine and related catecholamine, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, the frontal lobes are under stimulated and thus unable to perform their complex functions efficiently. Attention Deficit Disorder is primarily considered a genetic disorder. Which is why it is labeled a axis two in the DSM-IV. Studies show that 20-30% of all hyperactive children have at least one parent with ADD. However, not all cases of ADD are genetically linked. Some studies show that a small percentage of ADD cases were influenced by smoking, drinking alcohol, and using drugs during pregnancy. Exposure to toxins, such as lead, may also alter the brain chemistry and function. Both of these issues are cause for concern for the at-risk population. ADD generally affects males more often than females, in a 3:1 ratio. Because this disorder effects the brain detection of this condition is difficult. The accepted test, although today there has been an increase in research into ADD and subsequently now other tests. The test requires a nine month observation of the person, as well as EEGs, MRIs, or a PET scan. During the nine months, the person has to show a certain number of the classic traits associated with the disorder. The EEG are used to record the amount of electrical activity that is happening in the brain. An MRI is an x-ray that shows the brain's anatomy however it is not a routine assessment. More recently, the way to diagnose ADD is the use of a PET scan, which measure the amount activity in the brain. There are two general categories for those diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder. One is ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), this is the more prevalent of the two. A person with ADHD will show certain characteristics. Characteristics like, fidgeting, squirming, difficulty remaining seated, easily distracted, difficulty awaiting turn, interrupting, difficulty following directions, sustaining attention, shifting from one uncompleted task to another, not listening, following multiple directions, and frequently engaging in dangerous actions. The general diagnosis of ADD, as opposed to ADHD, has some, but not all of the above characteristics. There are people who have been diagnosed with ADD whose characteristics are not hyperactive but the complete opposite, they are underactive. This goes against the general notion that only kids who are hyperactive have ADD. These children often daydream and are never mentally present anywhere. They constantly drift off into their own world during classes or conversations. This type is more prevalent in females with ADD then in males. The underlining issues with these children are the inability to focus, they are too easily distracted. This form of ADD is the hardest to diagnose since it seems that these people simply need to â€Å"apply themselves more† or â€Å"get their act together. † Attention Deficit Disorder not only effects those afflicted in the classroom but at home as well. The rest of the families daily routine may become a distraction to those afflicted with ADD. Sometimes a television or radio that is turned on in another room may become distraction. What the ADD person needs is a sound screen. A sound screen is some form of constant noise that plays in the background, commonly a television or a radio. At first it may seem like a distraction, but in reality, if the TV or music forms a kind of â€Å"white noise† with an even level of intensity, which actually covers up discrepant noises that can be a distraction. â€Å"The hum of a ceiling fan or motor can do wonders to soothe and focus you† (Weiss. 7). Getting a family household to function smoothly is challenging for any family, with or without the presence of ADD. Adults and children suffering from Attention Deficit Disorder have trouble establishing and maintaining physical order, coordinating schedules and activities, and accepting and meeting responsibilities. Parents with children suffering with ADD have to learn how to deal with the obstacles that they will have while raising their child. Since ADD is genetically passed through to children the tendency is to have more then just the child with ADD but the parents too. Not only does the child have a problem with rules and schedules but so does the parent. Adults dealing with ADD often have chronic employment problems, impulsive spending, and erratic bookkeeping and bill paying. Raising healthy, well-adjusted children requires patience, sound judgment, good humor, and, discipline which is difficult for a parent with ADD to do. The presence of ADD often hinders the development of intimate relationships for a variety of reasons. Although many adults with ADD enjoy successful, satisfying marriages, the disorder almost always adds a certain amount of extra tension and pressure to the union. The non-ADD spouse bears an additional burden of responsibility for keeping the household running smoothly and meeting the needs of the children, the spouse with ADD, and, if he or she has time, his or her own priorities. Raising a child who has ADD can be an exhausting and, at times, frustrating experience. Parents play a key role in managing the disability. They usually need specialized training in behavior management and benefit greatly from parent support groups. Parents often find that approaches to raising that work well with children who do not have ADD, do not work as well with children who have ADD. Parents often feel helpless, frustrated and exhausted. Especially if the child's condition is unknown at the time. It could seem to the parent that the child is just bad. Too often, family members become angry and withdraw from each other. If untreated, the situation only worsens. Parent training can be one of the most important and effective interventions for a child with ADD. Effective training will teach parents how to apply strategies to manage their child's behavior and improve their relationship with their child. Without consistent structure and clearly defined expectations and limits, children with ADD can become quite confused about the behaviors that are expected of them. Making and keeping friends is a difficult task for children with ADD. A variety of behavioral excesses and deficits common to these children get in the way of friendships. They may talk too much, dominate activities, intrude in others' games, or quit a game before its done. They may be unable to pay attention to what another child is saying, not respond when someone else tries to initiate and activity, or exhibit inappropriate behavior. There is no cure for Attention Deficit Disorder. â€Å"Along with increasing awareness of the problem, a better understanding of its causes and treatment has developed† ( Wender 3). There is medication for ADD which will only alleviate the symptoms. The medication will not permanently restore the chemical imbalance. Approximately 70% of adults with ADD find that their symptoms significantly improve after they take medication prescribed by their doctors. The patient is able to concentrate on difficult and time-consuming tasks, stop impulsive behavior , and time the restless twitches that have been experienced in the past. Some ADD patient's psychological and behavioral problems are not solved by medication alone, and are required more therapy or training. Adult patients have the burden of the past that often hinders their progress. The patient then needs help with the relief of disappointment, frustration, and nagging sense of self-doubt that often weighs upon the ADD patient. Some ADD patients suffer from low-grade depression or anxiety, others with a dependence on alcohol or drugs, and most with low self-esteem and feelings of helplessness. There are two types of drugs that work to balance the neurotransmitter and have been found to be most effective in treating ADD, stimulants and antidepressants. Stimulants work by increasing the amount of dopamine either produced in the brain or used by the frontal lobes of the brain. Antidepressants also stimulate brain activity in the frontal lobes, but they affect the production and use of other chemicals, usually norepinephrine and serotonin. All the drugs used to treat ADD have the same goal, to provide the brain with the raw materials it needs to concentrate over a sustained period of time, control impulses, and regulate motor activity. The drug or combination of drugs that work best for the patient depends on the individuals brain chemistry and constellation of symptoms. The process of finding the right drug can be tricky for each individual. The psychologists are not able to accurately predict how any one individual will respond to various doses or types of Attention Deficit Disorder medication. However, the drug of choice for Attention Deficit Disorder is Ritilan. Ritilan (Methylphenidate) is a mild CNS stimulant. In medicine, Ritilan's primary use is treatment of Attention DeficitHyperactive Disorder (ADHD). The reason why this drug works so well is not completely understood, but Ritilan presumably activates the arousal system of the brain stem and the cortex to produce its stimulant effect. According to the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), prescriptions for Ritilan have increased more than 600% in the past five years. Ritilan (Methylphenidate) is manufactured by CIBA-Geigy Corporation. It is supplied in 5 mg. , 10 mg. , and 20 mg. ablets, and in a sustained release form, Ritilan SR, in 20 mg. tablets. It is readily water soluble and is intended for oral use. It is a Schedule II Controlled Substance under both the Federal and Vermont Controlled Substance Acts (Bailey 5). As stated before, ADHD is a condition most likely based in an inefficiency and inadequacy of Dopamine and Norepinephrine hormone availability, typically occurring when a person with ADHD tries to concentrate. Ritilan improves the efficiency of the hormones Dopamine and Norepinephrine, increasing the resources for memory, focus, concentration and attention (Clark 6). Ritilan exhibits pharmacological activity similar to that of amphetamines. Ritilan's exact mechanism of action in the CNS is not fully understood, but the primary sites of activity appear to be in the cerebral cortex and the subcortical structures including the thalamus. Ritilan blocks the re-uptake mechanism present in dopaminergic neurons. As a result, sympathomimetic activity in the central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system increases. Ritilan-induced CNS stimulation produces a decreased sense of fatigue, an increase in motor activity and mental alertness, mild euphoria, and brighter spirits. In the PNS, the actions of Ritilan are minimal at therapeutic doses (Clark 2 ). Ritilan is the quickest of all oral ADHD stimulant medications in onset of action: it starts to achieve benefit in 20 – 30 minutes after administration, and is most effective during the upward ‘slope' and peak serum levels. Ritilan's effect is brief: Most people experience 2-3 hours of benefit, but after 3 hours, benefits drop off rapidly. Some individuals, especially children, may obtain 4 or even 5 hours of positive effect (Clark 1). Attention Deficit Disorder is very prevalent throughout this country and the world. There is no cure. Those afflicted with the disorder must learn to compensate for it and live regardless of it's affects. There are drugs and therapy available for those with this disorder to help them maintain there life. It is very frustrating to live with ADD or ADHD and even harder to live with it and not know it. Since ADD's detection is difficult, often the symptoms are likened to some other cause in an effort to explain the behaviors. This has lead to many misdiagnoses. However, new studies on ADD and ADHD are in the works and with the Human Genome Project's completion in 2003 there is hope more light will be shed on this disorder.

Outsourcing Can Help America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Outsourcing Can Help America - Research Paper Example Whether American residents like it or not, outsourcing has become a glaring reality to the American people. Many American have lost their jobs because of the outsourcing phenomenon. The research delves on the many advantages of outsourcing American jobs to other countries. Outsourcing can be interpreted as good for American business and America as a whole. First, American companies can generate more salary savings. Companies pay the salaries of their employees. When hiring an American employee, the American companies must comply with American labor laws. The labor laws indicate that the company must comply with the minimum wage law. The minimum wage law gives different rates for each job classification. The minimum wage law was instituted in order to prevent the proliferation of abusive sweat shops. The International Labor Organization spearheaded he establishment of minimum wages in many countries. Consequently, different countries have different minimum wages. Likewise, different c ountries have different wage laws (Neumark 20). The scene shows that the United States minimum wage continued to increase through the years. The minimum wage during 1974 was $2.00 per hour. The minimum wage during 1978 was $ 2.65 per hour. The minimum wage during 1990 was $3.80. The minimum wage during 1997 was $5.15. The minimum wage during 2007 was $5.85. ... The law does not apply or infringe on the minimum wage laws of other countries. China has a lower minimum wage law amount compared to the United States. India has a lower minimum wage figure when compared to the United States minimum wage. Consequently, American companies can take advantage of the other countries lower minimum wage laws (Neumark 25). India continues to be the leading outsourcing destination. The company can hire an India company to do the call center jobs that American can do. With the current information technology advances, people anywhere around the world can communicate with one another live. The use of the internet has ushered in the chat technology and video conferencing technology. Under the new technology, an India call center company can take the calls of the American companies’ online current and future customers. American companies can hire the India companies to sell goods and services of the United States companies’ products online. There a re many outsourcing country destinations. South Africa’s outsourcing costs is higher than India’s outsourcing costs. The Russian outsourcing situation indicates there are more language barrier issues when compared to the English speaking India employees. The Czech Republic outsourcing cost is higher than India’s outsourcing cost. Malaysia’s outsourcing employees has lesser talent pools compared to India’s outsourcing source. Mexico’s outsourcing cost is higher than India’s outsourcing cost (Greene 20). The American companies’ customers would not know if the person answering their online or phone inquiries is working within United States or located in another country (Halvey 18). India has been known to be a

Medical physist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Medical physist - Essay Example There are cases where one becomes lucky and gets multiple job offers to choose from in his field of study. This is not luck but another hurdle to overcome, some people have found themselves in job environments that they never thought would be that way. This is just because they did not make proper decisions before considering the kind of offer that best suits them both in the short and long term. A good job is not just about having the best salary; there are several other things that guide job consideration in a case where one has landed multiple job offers. Proper decision making about job offers is an important process, which needs to be given due seriousness. Most graduates will simply want to close their eyes, line up the offers in front of them and pick on a particular job only to regret later (Ahmed, Hasnain and Venkatesan, 2012). Remember, when you make the decision to choose on a job and later realize that it is not the one you dreamt of, the ones that you had to foregone will not be waiting for your reverse decision. In this age where students graduating have surpassed job offers available means that the door is always opened for the next candidate once you decline an offer from one of your probable employers. As a graduate medical physicist, there may be more that one job offer that may come knocking. Making the right decision about the kind of job to take will be vital since it will be key to deciding your career path. A good career should give the job candidate a good chance for advancement (Mayrhofer, et al, 2005), this means that a lot of decisions have to be given due considerations before the final decision is arrived at. One of the important things to do before signing up any of those job offer forms is to make an assessment about the industry and specific company before joining it. A good assessment can always

Safety Legislation Writing Project #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Safety Legislation Writing Project #2 - Essay Example This will involve educating the employees on the hazardous chemicals and how to avoid their impacts while they are undertaking their duties. As depicted by 29 CFR 1910.1200, my focus will be to ensure that all the employees are aware on how to undertake a first aid process before a medical attention is sought. The second step is to initiate an emergency action plan. Thirdly, is to establish a fire safety plan. In this way, fire related incidents will be dealt with in an appropriate way. My fourth step would be to come up with an exit route. In this way, my organisation will be compliant with OSHA requirements of establishing an exit route in every building (United States Department of labor 14). Fifthly, I would establish a walking surface. Such surfaces will be vital in reducing the number of accidents that may be as a result of falls and slips. My sixth step would be to establish a first aid kit. In this way, employees who may be injured in the cause of their duties will have an op portunity to be treated before going for further medical check up. Safety profession involves offering appropriate protection to all the employees against any kind of harm while undertaking their daily duties. By use of various aspects from different fields such as health, education, psychology and engineering among others, safety professionals are paramount in preventing occurrences of accidents in an organisation. One of the major fields that are imperative in ensuring that matters relating to safety profession are well addressed is the safety science. Safety science involves all activities that are undertaken to prevent accidents, illnesses, explosions and fire among other events that may harm employees and the environment. In the same way, safety science gives the safety professionals skills to evaluate and identify hazards in the work places. Additionally, safety science provides effective methods that managers should use in setting policies that relate to safety. In

Shipping Jobs Overseas (How it affects United States Economy) Research Paper - 1

Shipping Jobs Overseas (How it affects United States Economy) - Research Paper Example Changes in the way in which organizations conduct business have been rapid and wide-spread as the concept of outsourcing has been introduced. It is the inherent nature of the marketplace to increase efficiency within the workplace by constantly striving to produce the most products with the least expenditure of resources. It is this concept that has driven many corporations to join in the globalization process, frequently outsourcing many of their activities and production processes to less developed countries in which this process is less expensive and requires fewer restrictions, licensing, and/or controls. â€Å"Global markets offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more and larger markets around the world. It means that they can have access to more capital flows, technology, cheaper imports and larger export markets† (International Monetary Fund Staff 2002). Although the idea of a global market and outsourcing sounds like an ideal situation for the increased flow of goods and currencies throughout the world, as well as a possible solution for the redistribution of wealth into some of the world’s most destitute countries, in practice, â€Å"globalization has meant that the governments of the advanced capitalist countries, along with the I.M.F., the World Bank, and the W.T.O., have increasingly sought to force other nations to adopt market economies, privatize public companies and resources, abandon labor and environmental regulations, reduce social services, and embrace ‘free trade’ and the free movement of transnational capital† (Smith 2002).

Understanding positive environment for student learning and Research Paper

Understanding positive environment for student learning and professional collaboration - Research Paper Example ls’ management towards creation of a positive environment but also helped in understanding the relationship between good instruction, assessment, and collaboration. The interviews with administrators, teachers, and parents helped in understanding the vision and concerns of these stakeholders regarding positive environments. At the end of the project, a walkthrough was also conducted the purpose of which was to get an insight into the importance of positive environment and collaboration for students and teachers respectively. In educational sector, the most important thing that matters for all stakeholders is a positive learning environment. The reason is that positive environment promotes enhanced learning and collaboration for students and teachers respectively. A positive learning environment is not restricted to any particular stakeholder, rather includes all stakeholders who have a specific role to play in improving instruction, collaboration, and assessment areas. Students need a positive environment to show improved performances not only in classrooms but also in the play grounds. Similarly, teachers need a positive environment where they can provide education to learners in interactive way using latest educational technologies and equipment. Along with students and teachers, the role of parents cannot be ignored by any means because parents are highly concerned about the environment in which they send their children to learn. Parents are one of the main stakeholders of any educational institute b ecause they are directly concerned with the schools performances of their children. Therefore, the role of teachers, students, and parents is equally important in moving towards the cause of creating a positive learning and collaboration environment at schools. A positive learning environment has some key characteristics that make it an essential element in the success of an educational institute. For example, a positive learning environment is one that reflects

Selected Motets by Josquin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Selected Motets by Josquin - Essay Example Josquin probably born in France across the border from Hainaut (modern day Belgium) which then belonged to the Holy Roman Empire. According to the article "Josquin des Prez" which was written by Lora Matthews and Paul Merkley, and was published in The Journal Of Musicology, Summer 1998, "des Prez" was a nickname, and Josquin's family name was "Lebloitte". Josquin was often identified as a singer in the Cathedral of Milan in 1459 (Josquin des Pres 1), however, recent information reveals that Josquin did not go to Italy until the early 1480s (Josquin des Prez 3) Some records state that he became a choirboy in the collegiate church of Saint Quentin. His very first lessons in counterpoint were probably given by Johannes Ockeghem, whom he greatly admired throughout his lifetime. This experienced at Saint Quentin are thought to be the composer's foundation of his later connections with French Royal Chapel (Josquin des Pres 4). Josquin's first definite record of employment reveals that he was a singer at the chapel of Rene, Duke of Anjou in Aix-en Province. Scholars speculate that he may have transferred to Paris along with the rest of the chapel in 1948. Josquin became a member of the papal choir under Pope Innocent VIII. He spent the late 1490s in France probably in the service of Louis XII and probably stayed there until 1503 when Duke Ercole I of Ferrara hired him for the chapel there. Josquin was then forced to return to Italy (Josquin des Prez 5). During his stay in Ferrara, Josquin wrote his more famous pieces such as the Missa Hercules Dux Ferrariae and the setting of Misserere, Psalm 50, for five voices, widely acknowledged as one of his masterpieces. However, his stay in Ferrara lasted only for a year as he went to his hometown in Conde to evade the outbreak of the plague. He reaped immense fame in his hometown until his death in 1521 (Josquin des Prez 6). His Compositions Josquin's works include a variety of musical compositions ranging from masses, mass fragments, motets and chansons. From the list of his work, we can say that he is a prolific composer as he was able to write 19 masses, seven mass fragments, 60 motets, and 66 chansons (Josquin des Prez 7). Selected Motets A motet is a polyphonic composition based on a plain song. In fact, the Latin word for motet describes the movement of the different voices against one another. According to Margaret Bent (1997), "'a piece of music in several parts with words' is as precise a definition of the motet as will serve from the thirteenth to the late sixteenth century and beyond. This is actually very close to one of the earliest descriptions we have, that of the late thirteenth-century theorist Johannes de Grocheio (qtd. in Motet 2)." Ave Verum Josquin's motet, Ave Verum is typically used in the Holy Communion and Feasts of the Blessed Sacrament. As with his other musical compositions, this motet was written in Latin text (Ave Verum1). Analysis Set in three voices rooted in the traditional Gregorian communion hymn, this motet "paraphrases

Kite Runner (Write Hassan's Story) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kite Runner (Write Hassan's Story) - Essay Example This showed the harassment and troubles that the ethnic minorities faced in Afghanistan at the hands of the pathans. After the incident with Hassan, Amir and Hassan moved apart when Amir put some money under Hassan’s pillow and blamed Hassan for stealing. Hassan took the blame and went away with his father while Amir moved to Pakistan, and eventually to America (Hosseini 295). Ali went with Hassan to a mountainous region which was isolated in central Afghanistan and was inhabited by their ethnic race. Hassan has always been loyal and good-natured. He is rather an innocent child who became a victim of the sexual desires of the rapist who raped him. The story unfolds to the fact that Amir and Hassan have been separated. While Amir is in America living a peaceful life, Hassan spends his whole life and death in Afghanistan in the country which is the focal point of the Soviet invasion and wars, and later the centre of violence of Taliban. Hassan’s father Ali dies due to the violence and Hassan gets married and has a son who is soon sent to orphanage after Hassan and his wife are killed by the Taliban (Hosseini 316). Hassan’s life has been tragic and innocent throughout and he has seen very less of good things just because he was an ethnic minority living in a violent country like Afghanistan. He spent his best time while he was with Amir in his house as they both played kite running and spent a lot of time together. It was after the rape which leads the change in Hassan’s life and shaped Amir’s guilt of not helping him throughout the story. This shows the ugliest picture of the injustice that the ethnic minorities had to face in Afghanistan. After Hassan leaves Amir’s house, he is forced to serve his rapist who belonged to a rich and powerful family. Hassan cannot take any action against his rape and instead has to dutifully serve the rapist just because he

Economics is said to be concerned with the central problem of scarcity Essay

Economics is said to be concerned with the central problem of scarcity and infinite wants - Essay Example The three basic factors of economics are scarce in nature and thus they initiate the necessity of taking up a research approach on the factors that influence the problem in the economies. Along with the discussion on the factors that create the problem, the role that market mechanism plays in sorting the problem will be reviewed in this research paper as well (Case & Fair, 2004). 2.0 Explanation of the Research Statement The explanation of the research statement that considers economics to be concerned with the central problem of scarcity and infinite wants will be presented in this section of the research paper. 2.1 Problem of Scarcity The problem concerned with scarcity is considered to be the most essential in the arena of economic. The problem is derived on the basis of the assumption that goods or resources are finite whereas, desires of the human beings are infinite. The concept of economics is concerned with the alternatives and their outcomes and concentrates on means through which societies and individuals make allocation of their finite resources for trying to satisfy the infinite wants relatively (Lipsey & Chrystal, 2007). Scarcity takes place because the relatively infinite wants of the individuals cannot be completely set-off from the utilisation of limited resources that are available. A good becomes scarce if individuals and society cannot access them freely and thus the good directs a positive price. The problem of scarcity influences all the decision makers to resolve three basic questions of the economics: What will be manufactured? How the process of manufacturing will take place? Who will be using the goods that will be manufactured? Source: Mankiw & Taylor, 2006. Goods are the answers to the first question. Production is the answer to the second question that occurs when technology and knowledge are used for application of the energy to objects for making them more valuable. The alternatives’ opportunity cost provides answer to the t hird question which is measured by the qualitative value of the best alternative that is sacrificed (The University of North Carolina, 2011). 2.2 Model of the Economic Problem of Scarcity The model of the problem of scarcity largely depends on the factor of efficiency. The workers, individuals, business houses, governments or the countries are normally faced with the problem of scarce economic resources. The level of efficiency is important for finding solution to the particular economic problem in concern and is measured by the factors as to how well the dwellers produce goods or services. Efficiency is also determined by the factors through which goods or services are produced at a lower cost or less resource are utilised for manufacturing a product or rendering service along with satisfying the wants of the consumers at the same time (SG Zilina, 2010). Source: (SG Zilina, 2010). The above model is a comprehensive depiction of the economic problem of scarcity that has shown the ev olution of the economic problems of scarcity and has even laid the way towards the resolution of the problem. The entire model is centrally located to the choices that the dwellers of the economy make for enhancing their level of efficienc

Organic Food and Wild Oats Essay Example for Free

Organic Food and Wild Oats Essay Strong revenue growth Focused growth strategy Wide product portfolioWeak international operations Conservative international policy Increasing rental expenses OpportunitiesThreats Higher demand for organic products Expansion in the UK Growth in private label productsIncreasing competition Labeling and other regulations Slowdown in the US economy StrengthsWeaknesses Strong revenue growth Focused growth strategy Wide product portfolioWeak international operations Conservative international policy Increasing rental expenses OpportunitiesThreats Higher demand for organic products. Expansion in the UK Growth in private label productsIncreasing competition Labeling and other regulations Slowdown in the US economy AI Global Management. 8-26-14. INSTRUCTOR: Who wasnt here last week? Im looking at Michelle. So you are the only one that wasnt here last week? Mrs. Johnson were you here last week. Im going to pass out the assignments for next week for you. STUDENT: The PowerPoint one. INSTRUCTOR: Whole foods. So what you had to do just to remind everybody you have to take a look at those two companies, and do some research, did find out strategically what really happened? STUDENT: Do you have extra copies? I wasnt here last week. INSTRUCTOR: I thought I asked who wasnt here last week? Okay. We have to strategically do some research on both of these companies. You have your case study in front of you very thorough. You have to find out what kind of decision was made that created really an issue for Wild Oats because initially when this company was put together, they were killing Whole Foods. They were Whole Foods before Whole Foods existed. They were doing wonderful. Growing, expanding in the same type of market. I know both cases, so I know a lot of answers, but all of a sudden some decision was made in their minds relatively strategic, but it turned out to be some pretty bad decisions. How many of you has heard of Wild Oats. All of us have heard of Whole Foods because they are in existence. So you have to run this as if you are the CEO of both take both sides. Compare and contrast and take a look at Wild Oats, and what happened to them. Take a look at the great decision, and then things started going south relatively quickly for them. Yet Whole Foods was the underdog. Now Whole Foods is doing. Well, I guess. Manufacture moving forward.

The Structure-Agency Debate

The Structure-Agency Debate I have been involved in football for as long as I can remember, with the application of Structural Functionalism I am going to attempt to understand my involvement in football. The Structure theory, Structural Functionalism can be applied to my position as a footballer and explain how football has affected my position in contemporary society. The main assumption of Structural Functionalism is that society is an organized system of interrelated parts that attempts to maintain a state of equilibrium (Williams Kolkka 1998 p.358). Williams Kolkka (1998) applied this assumption of Structural Functionalism within their research of Wheelchair Basketball, they conceptualised the activity as its own social system which comprised of its members (including players, coaches physiotherapists, supporters etc.) and the relationship between them. This can be applied to my position within football particularly at club level. I was a player at Wakefield Ladies F.C. therefore through interaction with other players and other forms of members including the coaches, physiotherapists and supporters, this lead to the maintaining the clubs state of equilibrium and the system working as a whole (Malcolm 2008). This highlights my contribution in maintaining a successful working system however Structural Functionalism only offers a positive view of sporting systems and experiences therefore offers no insight into how specific barriers and constraints challenged my position in football. Bourdieus theory deals with constraints through defining how different forms of Capital can affect a persons identity. Another aspect of Structural Functionalism is that, sport is seen as a vital tool in successfully maintaining the state of equilibrium, it is said to instil desired values and attitudes (Williams and Kolkka 1998; Malcolm 2008). Therefore a Structural Functionalist would argue that by playing football I learned the desired values and attitudes such as conformity to rules, respect and self-control which would contribute to maintaining a state of equilibrium. However, Structural Functionalism only takes into account the structure of society and not individual agency therefore provides no explanation in understanding how human beings make important decisions, such those which lead to me choosing to play football or how my current social world was created unlike Bourdieus Habitus and Capital which explains how class habitus confined me to the choice of football (Malcolm 2008; Williams 1994; Best 2003). In 2008 the FA rolled out the RESPECT campaign across all levels of football, in respon se to a range of behavioural problems surrounding the game. The campaign was designed to protect players and referees and create an environment in which sport can be enjoyed but also have wider benefits to society. I played under the RESPECT campaign when it was first introduced and on reflection, I found it reinforced the desired values and attitudes which are required not only on the football pitch but also in wider society (RESPECT: Four Years On. 2012; Malcolm 2008). A Structural Functionalist would view the RESPECT campaign as a positive step to creating a state of equilibrium (Williams Kolkka 1998). It is evident that Structural Functionalism highlights how I have been a part of maintaining a successful societal system and also the positive effect in which sport has had on my life however it offers no reasoning as to why I became involved in football. . The Agency theory, Symbolic Interactionism can be applied in attempt to gain an understanding of my involvement within football. George Herbert Mead is said to be the founding Father of Symbolic Interactionism. Hewitt (2000 in Armstrong 2007) defines Symbolic Interactionism as a theory which helps human beings define and give meaning to experiences, allowing them to create an individual and unique identity. The main assumption of Symbolic Interactionism is that society is created and maintained by social interaction: we are all actors on a stage who generate meaning through what we do and who we do it with (Craig Beedie 2010 p.61). This draws upon my decision to join a football club; it allowed social interaction to occur which consequently constructed my own social world. Malcolm (2008) furthers Craig and Beedies (2010) assumption by highlighting the focus upon the individual and the way in which they interpret and make sense of the world in which they live in. There are two widely researched areas within Symbolic Interactionism, Socialisation and Subcultures. Firstly, Socialisation focusses upon who becomes involved in sport and is developed through learning to read, understand and interpret symbols to aid individuals in becoming members of society (Best 2003). Cottingham (2012) states how interpreting symbols in the correct manner is a fundamental process, as it increases focus and wider understanding of an object, Gilbert (1994) furthers Cottinghams (2012) statement by adding, that the constructs are grounded within the minds of those who experience the perceived symbolic actions (p. 142). On reflection, throughout the years I have understood and interpreted symbols whilst playing football to aid my socialisation. For example when I first began to attend training sessions at Wakefield Ladies F.C, by interpreting and understanding the coaches I was able to demonstrate competence which led to being selected on a match day and also accepted by the rest of the team on a social level due to my ability to prescribe to the groups norm. It could be argued that my behaviour at Wakefield F.C. Ladies was due to previous experiences; specific symbols became grounded in my mind throughout my development from junior level to the open age therefore this would have led to improving my process of socialisation throughout the years (Best 2003; Gilbert 1994). This example can also be related to the second research area within the Agency debate, Subcultures. By prescribing to the groups norms in terms of beliefs and practices I was accepted and became part of a socially defined group, further creating myself a specific identity (Craig Beedie 2010). I confirmed this identity through not only Symbolic Interactionism but also symbolic consumption as I have specific Wakefield F.C. Ladies clothing which I am required to wear for training, matches and other events, these items of clothing have a specific meaning of being a part of the team therefore is an effective tool in creating my identity (Armstrong 2007). It is clear that by applying Symbolic Interactionism to my own position within contemporary society I can begin to understand why events occurred and why I was accepted into the team. However Symbolic Interactionism is often criticised for over emphasising individual agency and failing to take into account structural inequalities and constraints such as race, gender, class and ethnicity (Craig Beedie 2010). On reflection, this weakness can be applied to my example as, playing for Wakefield F.C; the mens section of club was deemed superior and was seen in a much more favourable perspective to the Womens section. This was a constraint which we had to regularly deal with and included reduced funding compared to the mens section and poor training facilities. Therefore we had a barrier to overcome whilst attempting to build a successful team. This weakness highlights how Agency theories do not take into account power systems as a Post-Dualist theory would. Bourdieu would argue that this barrier would not create a working system and would affect my interpretation of experiences, as any experiences related to this constraint are likely to be deemed negative (Best 2003). It could be argued that the Agency theory, Symbolic Interactionism helps explain my interpretation of my own social construct but still with some constraints. A third theory which can be drawn upon is the post-dualist theory, Bourdieus Habitus and Capital, which takes into account both structures in society and individual agency (Craig Beedie 2010). Bourdieus work was based upon empirical and theoretical investigations; his work was also in relation to sport, unlike Structural Functionalism and Symbolic Interactionism. They are theories that were not originally based around sport but were later applied and adapted to help offer a sociological explanation of sport. Bourdieu developed a social framework from his empirical and theoretical investigations which involved Habitus, Capital and Field; I will use Habitus and Capital in attempt to explain my involvement with football. Firstly, Capital can be defined as power and Habitus is defined by Elliott (2009) as a structuring feature with an infinite capacity for moulding individuals. Habitus is internalised as a second nature, as individuals we acquire habits, either knowingly or unknowingly, from a structural context and we use these practices to live out our everyday lives (Best 2003 p.204). Bourdieus work links class habitus and taste extremely closely; this can be applied to my position within society as it could be argued that both class habitus and taste led to my choice of football. It is clear that the subconscious decision to develop an interest in football is due to my class habitus and the confinement of my families working class background (Best 2003). The sport of football reflects class distinctions and represents the class I belong to; if I was born into an upper class family I may have developed an interest in other sports such as Rugby Union or Polo (Best 2003; Tomlinson 2004). Furthermore, my Fathers taste and class habitus will have affected my subconscious decision, as he had already developed specific practices; including supporting and playing football therefore this would have influenced the practices I developed whilst growing up (Best 2003). Bes t (2003) argues that despite us developing different practices to make a distinction between ourselves and others, people who live within the same social field are likely to share the same habitus, therefore people who I were brought up around all had a specific interest in football which is another reason why I may have been inclined towards football. Finally, it can be argued that Bourdieus class habitus can be applied best to explain my interest in football as it focusses upon where my interest originates from unlike the other Structural Functionalism and Symbolic Interaction. Another aspect of Bourdieus work which can be applied to my position within football is his work involving the body and the creation and reproduction of social differences that can be displayed by the body, one way it can be displayed is through accent (Craig Beedie 2010). A strong Yorkshire accent is often related to the working class therefore this is a form of cultural capital in the embodied state (Laberge 1995). Social differences in terms of cultural capital can be identified when I play football for University because part of my cultural capital is a Yorkshire accent therefore this is not the norm within the University team, as the majority of players are from the Middlesbrough area (Craig and Beedie 2010; Laberge 1995). This differs from when I played football for Wakefield F.C. Ladies, as the majority of players were from the same area therefore shared the same accent. This highlights a difference in individual agency and also the importance of cultural capital. Bourdieus w ork has been criticised over the years, Elliott (2009) argues that Bourdieus work takes the economy for granted and does not take into account the role of economic issues upon social life, Elliott (2009) furthers his argument by accusing Bourdieu of elevating cultural capital over economic capital. This can clearly be seen as despite Bourdieus work leading me to define how I came to develop an interest in football, however it has not taken into account the economic constraints which I faced such as cost of travel, kit and also subs after each match. It is evident that this is an economic force which was a barrier to me. In terms of my example economic capital is much more significant than Cultural Capital, economic capital was a barrier where as cultural capital just highlights a difference between team members. In conclusion, it is evident that all three theories can be applied to my position within contemporary society however after taking into consideration their strengths and weaknesses along with application, I believe Bourdieus post-dualist theory applies best as it takes into consideration the structures within society but also the agency of the individual (Craig Beedie 2010). Bourdieus Habitus and Capital allows an explanation of the origins of my interest in sport, Symbolic Interactionism and Structural Functionalism cannot do this. They only offer significant explanations of what sport has offered me and how it has contributed to the identity in which I hold today. Therefore it is clear that Bourdieus work is the most complex and offers a better understanding of my interest in sport and my position within contemporary society.

The Life Of King Henry VIII

The Life Of King Henry VIII King Henry VIII was born in 1491. Henry was the third child of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. He was seen as a promising young prince due to his outgoing personality, and intelligence. Traditionally the first male heir of the royal family is successor to the thrown, but unfortunately, the first born; Arthur died quite unexpectedly at the young age of fifteen. This sudden tragedy has placed Henry as the unforeseen heir to the throne. King Henry VIII was looked upon as the perfect young king during his early reign; he had received an outstanding amount of schooling, and he spoke many languages. Not only did he fall under the category of an intellect but as an athlete as well. He was experienced and talented in jousting, hunting, tennis and archery. However, as Henry grew older history has shown scholars a change in this once beloved king. King Henry VIII proved to rule tyrannically due to his thirst for blood, power, and a male heir to succeed him. Throughout Henrys reign, bloodshed seemed to have been a typical method for this king to solve his problems. As soon as he succeeded his fathers position, Henry made his mark as a King who would not let anyone stand in his way by groundlessly charging his fathers two unpopular ministers Sir Richard Empson, and Edmund Dudley with Treason. The two ministers were executed in 1510. Another controversial and completely unnecessary death ordered by Henry VIII was that of Cardinal Wolsey. Cardinal Wolsey was appointed chancellor by King Henry VIII, they were very close friends. With that being said, Henry trusted Wolsey to convince the pope that he should have the divorce from his first wife Catherine of Aragon. When Wolsey failed this important task, King Henry out of anger dismissed him of his duties as Chancellor, and later ordered his arrest. It had been intended that Cardinal Wolsey be confined within the Tower of London, but during the crossing from York to London Wolsey died. If the death of such a close friend, who supported this tyrannical King in whatever he did isnt bad enough, he was also responsible for the execution of two wives. Henrys second wife was charged with treason, incest, and plotting to murder the king. It was King Henrys plan to have the crimes: be such as to inspire not only revulsion for Anne but also sympathy for Henry, and it must be something that would merit divorce as well as death. (Weir 309). King Henrys fifth wife Catherine Howard was also put to death with the charge of treason and adultery. When Catherine was arrested it should be remembered that Cranmer which was the kings adviser has no evidence beyond his own conclusions that she had committed adultery (Weir 448). These sorts of things had become what has been described as: a commonplace, and it has been suggested that this blood-thirstiness was a reflection of Henrys increasing age, power and problems. (Fraser 19) Christians throughout Europe had been part of the same Church for more than a thousand years. The pope was considered head of Christianity, this gave him tremendous power. Christians in that time period believed they can only get to heaven by following the rules and teachings of the Church. Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation in Germany, his writing quickly spread to many parts of Europe; King Henry VIII then countered his ideas by publishing The Defense of the Seven Sacraments. This book defended the seven sacraments which Martin Luther was so critical of. When the Pope had read the book, he gave Henry VIII a new title: Defender of the Faith. He was seen as the hero for some time, but this quickly changed. King Henry VIII decided to divorce Queen Catherine when he realized she could not produce a son. The King decided to take on a new Queen; Anne Boleyn. He hoped Anne would be the answer to his prayers and would give him the son that he so desperately longed for. But in d ivorcing Catherine, Henry had been required to make a split with the Roman Catholic Church, which had gone against King Henrys wishes and refused his request for the divorce. In the process of King Henry VIII trying to reach absolute power by separating from the Church he had dramatically transformed the Church in England. King Henry VIII had hoped that by limiting the power of the pope it would make his chances of the divorce going through successful much easier. But if this did not work, the king had been prepared to take total control of the Church in England so he could obtain a divorce without the permission of the pope (Worth 64). King Henry VIII had imprisoned numerous citizens who did not support the Reformation or the kings new position as head of the Church. Some were even sent to the scaffold, including two well recognized men through out England; Bishop John Fisher, and Sir Thomas More. The death of two distinguished men such as More and Fisher sent shock waves through o ut England and Europe. Some of Henrys subjects who had supported the Reformation now began to wonder if the king had become a tyrant (Worth, 75). Henry VIII has had 6 marital affairs throughout his reign as king of England. This was a big scandal during the time of the Renaissance, seeing as divorce was uncommon. King Henrys first wife was originally his brother Arthurs betrothed. King Henrys ultimate goal was to create a male heir to succeed him and in all the time he was married to Katherine of Aragon, only a daughter was produced and numerous stillborn sons. This infuriated Henry, and along with the conniving Anne Boleyn who used lust and her wit as her weapon, King Henry was driven to divorce this woman of virtue. This separation was clearly an act of selfishness on King Henrys part; he drove the church into the ground for this divorce to take place, due to his lust for Anne Boleyn and obsession with creating a son. Things only got worse once the King was married to Anne Boleyn. King Henry did not expect her to be so opinionated and involved with both his political and personal affairs. Being a man with a love for absolute power, this displeased him and his interest in her began to wane, and he turned his attention to Jane Seymour. While pursuing Jane Seymour Henry began to become infuriated by Anne, not only was she ill-tempered but she was not producing a son. Cromwell immediately devised a conspiracy against Anne Boleyn which would ultimately allow Henry VIII to not only divorce his new wife, but to have her killed. He and Cromwell without acknowledging the fact to each other, both knew that they were parties to a plot to do away with an innocent woman for the sake of expediency (Weir 310) Anne Boleyn was beheaded on the charges of Treason, Adultery, Incest, and plotting to kill the king. King Henry moved on to marry Jane Seymour, who gave him a son, she died during child birth, and conveniently pronounced her his true love and that in the event of his death he should be buried beside her. The King later decided it was time for him to marry, merely for political gain he agreed to marry Anne of Cle ves hoping their marriage would put an end to the religious problems of the German principalities (Weir 390) The King had never seen her in person, and had only received portraits which exaggerated her beauty. When they had finally met, like an immature child he was disappointed with her physicality, and thus the marriage started off on a bad foot. This marriage became annulled in 1540, with the excuse that the marriage had not been consummated and she had a pre-contract with another man. Another failed marriage did not stop Henry; he proceeded to become infatuated with the young Katherine Howard. Katherine Howard was thought to be an empty-headed and materialistic girl, only interested in her own personal affairs. This surely did bother the controlling King Henry All he asked of her was that she give him more sons (Weir 434). Marrying a girl with such little experience backfired on King Henry VIII, when she committed adultery with Thomas Culpepper, a member of the court, as well as a favorite of the King. This led to her arrest, and death. Last but not least there was Catherine Parr, who was lucky enough to stay married to Henry for four years until his death in 1547. Five marriages with an exception of one were ended, some in death due to this finicky Kings lust, need for power, and ultimately to conceive a male heir. King Henry VIII had ruled England for thirty seven years as a tyrant, only looking for personal gain. We see this through various events which have marked England forever, throughout the reign of this cruel and oppressive King. This includes the many unnecessary killings, his marriages to six wives which ended in death, the failure to produce a male heir, or simply because he was not attracted to her. The third way proving the tyrant within King Henry would be the split from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry had an obsession with power, and having the pope stand in his way to marry another woman led him to make one of the biggest changes in English History.

Hackers Hacking & Code Crackers? :: essays research papers

According to three websites, the general definition of the word â€Å"hacker,† are: www.telecomsnews.co.uk/ states, â€Å"Computer users who understand the "ins and outs" of computers, networks, and the Internet in general.† www.computerdoctor.com stated, â€Å"The term used to describe computer users who attempt to gain unauthorized access to sites. Some hackers perform security audits for companies for a fee; other hackers steal information from companies for their own personal gain.† Finally, www.prenhall.com states, â€Å"People who break into computer systems with the intention of causing destruction†. Personally, the definition of the word hacking/hackers is a computer enthusiast, someone who is extremely proficient or obsessive about programming, programming languages and or computer systems & networks. Hacking is a state of mind. Curiosity is the main point; a hacker always wants to know more about information, depending on his/her taste. It is the curiosities which makes them learn more and more quickly than another person of the same age. Traditionally hackers were regarded as â€Å"geeks†, who knew everything about computers (hardware and software) and networks. They are very intelligent programmers. The term hacker was popularized by Steven Levy in his famous book â€Å"Hackers: Heroes of Computer Revolution.† When he said hacker, he meant brilliant, constructive programmer who led the way to the computer revolution. If I still don't acknowledge the courtesies of hackers, Eric S. Raymond reminds me what the hackers have done for us: "Hackers built the Internet. Hackers made the UNIX operating system what it is today. Hackers run Usenet. Hackers make the World Wide Web work. If you are part of this culture, if you have contributed to it and other people in it know who you are and call you a hacker, you're a hacker..." (The Hackers Jargon File Hard Cover) In days long gone by, a â€Å"hacker† was someone who spent an inordinate amount of time engaged in the activity of 'hacking' at a keyboard. This slang term was eventually corrupted into an insult. Over time, the insult spread to other professions, but the term â€Å"hacker† continued to apply to people who spent the late hours hunched over a keyboard. Eventually, computers began to reach the student community at colleges, schools and in public libraries. Such students were considered computer enthusiasts. These were often young people with curious natures and highly devoted to whatever their interest. Since computing resources were scarce, competition for access to them were fierce.

The Many Benefits of Hunting Essay -- Sport Hunting

When a Minnesota dentist killed a prized African lion named "Cecil" he received an onslaught of criticism and reignited the debate concerning hunting. To many people, hunting is a cruel and inhuman act. For others, hunting is a sport and a way of life. Is hunting ethical? Should hunting be allowed to continue? First off, what is hunting? According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, hunting is a â€Å"sport that involves the seeking, pursuing, and killing of wild animals and birds, called game and game birds, primarily in modern times with firearms but also with bow and arrow† (â€Å"hunting†). It is my firm belief that most hunting should most definitely be allowed to continue and they should also be supported. My first reason for being pro-hunting is population control. Hunting is a legitimate and ethical method to stop wildlife populations from overpopulating and inevitably dying off. According to the Department of Natural Resources, â€Å"deer/vehicle accidents declined by more than fifty percent as a result of managed hunting programs in sections of Montgomery County, Virginia, and the United States† (Hotton). The anti-hunting group P.E.T.A proposes that there are alternate methods such as sterilization. According to an article by PETA, â€Å"if females are captured, marked, and counted, sterilization reduces herd size† (PETA). There are two methods of sterilization that may be used. The first method is surgical sterilization. The way this is done is by removing parts of the reproductive system. The problem is that â€Å"this method is extremely costly, ranging up to $1000 per deer† (â€Å"Deer Control†). The second method is the â€Å"ligation of t he oviduct† (â€Å"Deer Control†). â€Å"This method is effective, but very expensive and puts a lot of stress ... ...laughterhouse." PBS. PBS, 31 Mar. 2002. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. PVCI. "PVCI." Bobcat. Web. 03 May 2012. . Ramsey, P. S. "Poaching." Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues, Revised Edition. Ed. Craig W. Allin, 2nd ed. 3 vols. Salem Press, 2011. Salem Science Web. 06 Oct. 2011. "Tradition." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. Web. 03 May 2012. . Staff, CBS News. "Pink Slime in Ground Beef: What's the Big Deal?" CBSNews. CBS Interactive, 14 Mar. 2012. Web. 02 May 2012. "Subsistence." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. Web. 02 May 2012. . "Subsistence Hunting in a Global Economy." The Arctic and the Global Economy. Making Waves: A Newstetter for Community Economic Development [CED] Practitioners in Canada,vol 4, No 3. Web. 02 May 2012. The Many Benefits of Hunting Essay -- Sport Hunting When a Minnesota dentist killed a prized African lion named "Cecil" he received an onslaught of criticism and reignited the debate concerning hunting. To many people, hunting is a cruel and inhuman act. For others, hunting is a sport and a way of life. Is hunting ethical? Should hunting be allowed to continue? First off, what is hunting? According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, hunting is a â€Å"sport that involves the seeking, pursuing, and killing of wild animals and birds, called game and game birds, primarily in modern times with firearms but also with bow and arrow† (â€Å"hunting†). It is my firm belief that most hunting should most definitely be allowed to continue and they should also be supported. My first reason for being pro-hunting is population control. Hunting is a legitimate and ethical method to stop wildlife populations from overpopulating and inevitably dying off. According to the Department of Natural Resources, â€Å"deer/vehicle accidents declined by more than fifty percent as a result of managed hunting programs in sections of Montgomery County, Virginia, and the United States† (Hotton). The anti-hunting group P.E.T.A proposes that there are alternate methods such as sterilization. According to an article by PETA, â€Å"if females are captured, marked, and counted, sterilization reduces herd size† (PETA). There are two methods of sterilization that may be used. The first method is surgical sterilization. The way this is done is by removing parts of the reproductive system. The problem is that â€Å"this method is extremely costly, ranging up to $1000 per deer† (â€Å"Deer Control†). The second method is the â€Å"ligation of t he oviduct† (â€Å"Deer Control†). â€Å"This method is effective, but very expensive and puts a lot of stress ... ...laughterhouse." PBS. PBS, 31 Mar. 2002. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. PVCI. "PVCI." Bobcat. Web. 03 May 2012. . Ramsey, P. S. "Poaching." Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues, Revised Edition. Ed. Craig W. Allin, 2nd ed. 3 vols. Salem Press, 2011. Salem Science Web. 06 Oct. 2011. "Tradition." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. Web. 03 May 2012. . Staff, CBS News. "Pink Slime in Ground Beef: What's the Big Deal?" CBSNews. CBS Interactive, 14 Mar. 2012. Web. 02 May 2012. "Subsistence." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. Web. 02 May 2012. . "Subsistence Hunting in a Global Economy." The Arctic and the Global Economy. Making Waves: A Newstetter for Community Economic Development [CED] Practitioners in Canada,vol 4, No 3. Web. 02 May 2012.

Education. Why or Why not? Essay

Education, define as the art of systemic learning inspire every one of us, and educated human beings are able to possess the power of influence in academic discourses. If there’s no input, then there will be no output, and believe it or not, education allows people to be creative and innovative in developing our digital world. Generation after generation, the medium of providing education has improved in using interactive technology such as – digital projector, high-speed laboratory camera, multi-function writing board and etc. â€Å"If we can match highly effective educators with great entrepreneurs†, admits Joane Wesis, the author of â€Å" The Innovation Mismatch: â€Å" Smart Capital† and Education Innovation, â€Å"and if we can direct smart capital toward these projects, the market for technological innovation might just spurt from infancy into adolescence. † The author hold similar viewpoints that education behaves as an important source of input for generating prosperous output that motivates to share the benefits of one’s creativity to the community. Understanding the philosophy of becoming educated is crucial, and also important to explore the concept that education drives us to interact with society by finding ways to earn for living. One might wisely pursue the education for the benefits of mankind, but for few some people misleading concept of getting educated, for instance; in the case of nuclear scientists developing nuclear-powered weaponry will bring negative impact to our society, and that’s why there are no limits to pursue education and no limits on manifesting the application of education onto our society. On the other hand, formal education is highly necessary to decode the discourse in our academic community as well as be able to define their specific ideas. Thus, an educated person could award and/or tolerate the aspirations of human being by using the perceived knowledge, and determine their correct or incorrect benefits to the society. To become an elitist in the field of education depends on individual choices, but education will select people into groups of clusters where the professional will stays on top, while normal educated people will share the same spot with majorities in the lower level. Nevertheless, education is vital because not only it supports individual understanding in academic discourses, but also allows oneself to play an important role to help improve the society. Some might argue that one could live sufficiently without burden in his life with a satisfactory income. This point of view shall fit to minorities who retard to pursue education, however; in contrary to preceded viewpoint, Nicholas Lemann, the author of The New Yorker magazine, writes about The Cost Of College, and the following speech extracted from his article remarks, â€Å" In today’s economy â€Å", President Obama claims, â€Å" There’s no greater predictor of individual success than a good education. Right now, the unemployment rate for Americans with a college degree or more is about half the national average. The incomes of folks with a college degree are twice as high as those who don’t have a high-school diploma. † (Nicholas Lemann). Not all people have certain interest of becoming graduates, and indeed they don’t want to invest their time to study, either. Generally speaking, high school dropouts have more chances of becoming low socio-economic status, yet can be easily employed because their job requires no background education, but, in contrast, graduates earn multiple times more than high school dropouts, so it takes more time for them to get into work force since they are very costly for an employer. The downside of becoming educated is the fact that the price of paying to graduate is seriously inflated. Building a career with education is nevertheless highly necessary and due to the budget constraints; it becomes more challenging to get on top of the education ladder. During the year 2009, The College Board in Princeton, NJ, has calculated the cost of pursuing education that â€Å" College education expenses have climbed over 5% annually during the past 10 years, more than double our nation’s inflation rate. That means a child born today could need over $220,000 to attend a four-year public college in 2028, more than triple today’s college costs. † (The College Board (2010)) As a matter of a fact, the educated parent knows and understands their responsibilities to provide education for their young generations. However, since they pertain the thought of raising their children’s intellectual skills, they are trying to invest their capital, no matter what it takes them to graduate: the hierarchy in society trigger parents to train their kids to understand the discourses that prevails among them. To clarify, see the community of lawyers and professional workers for example, selective parents privileged in wealth of knowledge will motive themselves to push their children to pursue formal education like they have done it before. Moreover, the perceived concept in education define the roles that people take in the society, which helps to provide society needs and wants; such that, the more educated people a society has, the higher the standard of living. Elitism in education creates humiliation and dispute between dominant groups based on race, culture, intellectual, and gender. Very sadly, the demand of elite students in society can promote uncertain consequences, which in this case, promotes the unethical issue to expand market for institution. Danny Dorling, the author of â€Å"The return to elitism in education†, explains the behavior of education system that creates competition in institution for students and money. Danny Dorling mentions about grades and intellectual responsiveness on education such that: â€Å" People who have taught the children of the affluent classes at the universities they go to have seen the result of this growth in elitism. These children have been educationally force-fed enough facts to obtains strings of A grades, but they are no more geniuses than anyone else. There is a tragedy in making young people pretend to super-human mental abilities which neither they nor anyone else possess. To justify their situation they have to swallow and repeat the lie being told more and more often, that only a few are especially able and that those few are disproportionately found amongst the higher social classes. † (Danny Dorling) When parents are not satisfy with their child’s grades in academics, they will try to push their limits by giving close attention, and sometimes punishments are highly likely. Institutions, on the their hand, will raise the academic requirements for student admission in order to search for elite students – which turns out to be a marketing strategy for competition, not exactly an emphasis for student’s education. Not to mention the fact that doing so (raising standards in admission) can easily motivates and challenges each and every student intellectual understanding in the course of education for improving not only the quality of academic discourse, but also benefits sophisticated level of education, perhaps. Education shapes the society, meaning; educated people are gaining not only credible reputation towards a society but also participate to involve as major role-player, and for instance; A kind-hearted lawyer would offer a pro bono service to his friends, and etc. Moreover, The number of crimes in a country with high-uneducated people is certainly, skyrocketing. The following data conducted by The Campaign for Educational Equality claims, â€Å" A one-year increase in average years of schooling for dropouts would reduce murder and assault by almost 30 percent motor vehicle theft by 20 percent, arson by 13 percent, and burglary and larceny by about 6 percent† (2). Plus, the above data clearly distinguishes the chances of uneducated people doing bad things unconsciously without being able to correct oneself. â€Å" Educated girls and women are less vulnerable to HIV infection†, an article from GlobalCitizenCorps says, â€Å" human trafficking and other forms of exploitation, are more likely to marry later, raise fewer children who are more likely to go to school, and make important contributions to family income. † Women nowadays are of course taking serious role in society because the freedom of people rights give the society fair and square chances to pursue education; the academic discourse will influence and change their thoughts on lifestyle, completely. Besides, the market of human trafficking is relatively large in South-East Asian countries, and poor families are often allured with money incentives to sell their teenage children to work across other countries, which in reality are forced to do nasty jobs under extremely poor condition. These sufferings from naive victims will provide a clear picture to motivate people in advocating for education, so people needs education in order to maintain their positive personalities in the society. People in general belief that education fights to reduce segregation and inequality in a society. This; however, happens to be true for some instance, until the author of this article â€Å" Segregation Prominent in Schools, Study Finds â€Å" in the New York Time magazine, convincingly reports about segregation that; â€Å"Segregation of Latino students is most pronounced in California, New York and Texas. The most segregated cities for blacks include Atlanta, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Philadelphia and Washington†, Motoko Rich asserts, â€Å"Mr. Orfield said that schools with mostly minority and poor students were likely to have fewer resources, less assertive parent groups and less experienced teacher. The author share his viewpoint that segregation exists, not because of education, but because of low-funds and resources in institution which tends to concentrate high amount of low socio-economic status students, and this will cause racial indifferences between low and high income status. Meanwhile, similar to Motoko Rich viewpoint, Klaus Walde, furthermore supports the idea about resource allocation in education that â€Å" While it is difficult to define and measure the quality of education one reason for relative quality differences across education levels might lie in the allocation of educational resources (as teachers and equipment). † (446) Now, the idea boils down to the fact that resources quality and allocation is more important in contributing better education system in our society. Broadly speaking, being educated in this modern world allows people to contribute their benefits to a society, by means of the intellectual support provided by the manner of learning experiences. Every country are relying on the technology and driving the market to substitute manual workers with machines, so educated workers are important for operating those machines. Since starting from the era of industrial revolution, education was introduced to our society in order to acknowledge in understanding and defining their roles in the society. Therefore, the improvement in education overtime will also improve innovation in technology, which increases the quality of living standards. In fact, education is always needed for various sectors in our society, and will always require for having credibility in sharing the message within the society. Furthermore, education functions as a multi-purpose assistance for training not only intellectual skills, but also providing ways to survive in earning for a living in a society. More importantly, some critics would assume that there are some disadvantages in society such as segregation in education between income status, but the issue can be settle if every individuals successfully pursue education because the way the educated person conceive mature in every aspect of his life and society. Work Cited Dorling, D. (2010). The return to elitism in education. Eurozine . GLOBALCORPORATIONCORPS. (n. d. ). 11 Facts About Education Around the World. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from DoSomething. org: http://www. dosomething. org/tipsandtools/11-facts-about-education-around-world Lemann, N.(2012, May 28). The Cost Of College. (T. Bachtell, Ed. ) The New Yorker . RICH, M. (2012, September 19). Segregation Prominent in Schools, Study Finds. The NewYork Times , A16 . Walde, K. (1998). Egalitarian and elitist education systems as the basis for international differences in wage inequality. European Journal of Political Economy , Vol. 16 (2000 ), 445–468. Weiss, J. (2011, March 31). HBR Blog Network / Innovations in Education. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from Harvard Business Review: http://blogs. hbr. org/innovations-in-education/2011/03/the-innovation-mismatch-smart. html.

Profile faculty

As an excellent graduate in commerce faculty, it is my great honor to work with so many talented colleagues with versatile skills in professional accounting and advisory areas. More importantly, now I have enough confidence in assimilating this multicultural environment and master my current profession as soon as possible. Describe your Expertise. What do you enjoy most working with us?With the firm theoretic basis of accounting, marketing, planning and other relating knowledge as ell as my advisory and consulting practice, I have the ability to manage different clients involving in various problems and provide strategies to them. The most enjoyable part for me is that, I am always meeting with tough but exciting tasks which definitely exert my potential capability, both challenging and rewarding. Draw your Timeline about working experience. 2016– I achieved my first consulting project with satisfactory results and Joined the current consulting team as an associate. ? 2015â₠¬â€œ I completed my summer internship n PAW'S advisory group as an assistant. Introduce your unique Qualifications to us. 2015– I successfully passed the CPA exam. 2013– I finished my bachelor degree and was enrolled in the University of Adelaide as a postgraduate to continue my master degree of accounting in business profession. 2009–1 began my 4 years study in marketing profession at the University of International Relations (Beijing, China) as a freshman. What about your personal life outside the office? Balancing work and personal interests is indeed necessary.I always do sports to keep it and go shopping once a week to enhance my appearance. Sometimes I would like to travel with my friends to different countries and places. How can we improve you? It is a combination of challenge and opportunity working here. I was lucky enough to be offered this unique position from which I have the chance to contact different clients from all over the world. At the same t ime, the comfortable and friendly working atmosphere encourages me to work with full energy. Why not Join and become one of this lovely team? It is the best choice I have ever made! Profile By Leviathans

The Death and Journey of the Egyptian Soul

No other country- not even China or India had such a long history as Ancient Egypt. For nearly, 3,000 years before the birth of Jesus, the Egyptians had already a high developed civilization. The Egyptians lived in an orderly government; they built great stone structures; most of important of all they established an acquired religion. For the Egyptians there was no break between their religious beliefs and their daily life. Even their culture would all lie at the bottom compared to their religious beliefs. For an example, Egyptian art was never reflected as a representation; however, it was a sense of symbolic pictures that spoke of the life of the gods and the hope of eternity to come. This desire for the renewal of life, and the creative urge to ensure it by ritual and symbolism existed in Egypt from the earliest times of the Neolithic Era. Archaeologist were able to uncover clay figurines of Osiris laced with sprouting corn. As the corn grew the model would open, as an image of life-in- death. Archaeologist were also able to find that their people also liked to keep the dead close to them. The Egyptians soon came to believe deeply that the good administration of the dead, just like the management of the Nile†s water could lead to an everlasting life. Many think of the Ancient Egyptians as a morbid, death-obsessed people. We think of this because all of what we have uncovered is mummies, tombs, and graves. However, we know more about the Egyptians in death than what we know about their lives. Since, the earliest times the Egyptians were very passionately concerned with the continued existence of their loved ones and their souls. The idea that Osiris had passes through death and risen into a new life was deeply rooted in the Egyptian consciousness that Osiris had to struggle against the forces of evil. So did the human soul now following him to gain eternity. By 2,500 BCE, helpful instructions, known as the pyramid texts were carved or painted on tomb walls to help the soul act in the various trials of it journey in the Netherworld (also referred to as the Under World). A thousand years later, in the New Kingdom, these instructions had been formalized into The Coming into Day, or The Egyptian Book of the Dead. This magical text for the underworld journey was a set of spells, incantations, and mummification techniques designed to help the dead person resurrect into a glorious afterlife in â€Å"heaven, † or â€Å"The Hall of the Two Truths. † These mystical texts are from the New Kingdom. The similar ones that were found in the pyramids from the Old Kingdom, and the coffins were from the Middle Kingdom. One can imagine these text by thinking about how church rituals are run. One goes to church, and the rituals are holy texts that come from a book known as the bible or genesis. In Ancient Egypt, these burial rituals are not read from a book. At first, they are read directly off of the wall in inner chambers of a pyramid; later they were read directly off sides of the coffins. The Coming into Day, which was from the New Kingdom, was read off of papyrus sheets, much as religious rituals are today as they are read out of books. The Book of the Dead was to be relatively cheap to purchase. As an Egyptian that had more riches in the New Kingdom, one would be able to buy a copy that would have blanks where the names go. A scribe would be hired to insert the name in all those blank spots. In the text, the blank spots were the name of the deceased. The letter â€Å"N† indicates it. If there were no name to be put in it they would refer to the Dead person as â€Å"N†. Wealthy Egyptians had a personalized version prepared before their death so many versions have been discovered. One of the most famous one was created for Ani, a Royal Scribe, who lived during the nineteenth dynasty, and died in 1250 BC. If one were to die or a loved one dies, one would be buried with the papyrus scroll. As a result, a few of these texts survived. In the book the body was represented as the Ka. The Ka was the spiritual body that everyone had, which was the mirror image of the physical body. When a person died it was the Ka, which lived on in the underworld. The Ka was not trapped inside a material body but lived symbiotically with it. This was why it was so vital to preserve the bodies of those who were believed to be living in the future world. In many of the great Egyptian tombs, spare heads and hearts were buried with the mummified body in case the mummy should be damaged. Many of the spells in the book for the dead are for protecting the physical body so that the Ka body could live free and happy in the Underworld. One of the most well renowned parts in the book of the dead is the Hall of Maat, which is first introduced in the book. The Hall of Matt is where the judgement of the dead was preformed. The goddess Matt stands for truth, justice, morality and balance. The symbol that was used to shows one†s innocence was the â€Å"heart†. The Egyptians believed the heart was one of the most sacred parts of the body. In the Book of the Dead, it was the heart that was weighed against the feather of Maat to see if an individual was worthy of joining Osiris in the afterlife. In the book Anubis, the Jackal god of embalming leads â€Å"N† to the scales of Maat to be weighed. Anubis then weighs the heart against the feather to see if it is worthy. As, Thoth, the god of wisdom is right next to the scale recording the results. If passing this test one will be brought by Horus to meet Osiris, the king of the dead. To claim the purity and the principles of a sinless life is known as â€Å"The Declaration of Innocence. Here during the Declarations of Independence, â€Å"N† (the deceased one) must claim his innocence. Much of this declaration was based on causing human suffrage and about taking care of everything that surrounds them. Many of these ethical laws pertain to the work social and personal goals according to Truth. It was important for â€Å"N† to declare innocence because nothing evil shall happen to go against â€Å"N† because â€Å"N† has proven innocence. After the declaration of innocence it was vital for â€Å"N† to know the name of the Gods. It was important for the deceased to know these names because the Gods lived on Truth. Hail to you, O you who are in the Hall of Justice who have no lies in your bodies, who live on truth and gulp down truth in the presence of Horus who is in his disc. † Since the Gods lived on Truth it was up to the Gods to save and protect the soul of the deceased. That was the start of the introductory hymns to the Gods, which took up the first few chapters. One in particular is the Re, the Sun God. The ancient Egyptians considered Re as the creator of people. That is conceivably why Re is the first God mentioned in the Book of the Dead. Another God in the first few chapters is Osiris. Osiris is the god of death and re-birth, underworld and earth. Primarily in the first few chapters are hymns and praises to Gods. The beginning of the book is a transition to what I feel is the most important part, the afterlife rituals. Starting at chapter†s twenty-one and twenty-two, the giving to obtain an afterlife begins. One that stuck out to me was chapter two. This chapter is for out into the day and living after. â€Å"O you Sole One who shine in the moon, O you Sole One who glow in the sun, may Ani go forth from among those multitudes of yours who are outside, may those who in the sunshine release him†¦ This section from the chapter means that the Sole One, you; is being freed into the daylight. An additional chapter that was very interesting was chapter seventy-four. This chapter talked about being swift-footed when going out from the earth. Part of the chapter reads, â€Å"I shine in the sky, I ascend to the sky. † This means to me that your passage to afterlife should be buoyant and easy. Many of the chapters were alike to one another in the middle of the book; however, each had a very distinct difference from one another. The book it seems to refer to how to obtain an afterlife. That starts out with the process of giving a mouth, magic, heart, or etc†¦ for Ani begins. One part of the body that is given is the mouth. The mouth would be open by Ptah, who was the human god the creator of Memphis would open the mouth. This part was fairly important in the book because â€Å"N† would be able to speak in the presence of the Gods. By this it also protects â€Å"N†. â€Å"As for any magic spell of any words which may be uttered against me, the gods will rise up against it, even the entire Ennead. † Another section of the book that was fascination was the chapters about transformation. These began and lasted from chapters seventy to eighty. One of the main chapters in the section was the transformation from human to a divine falcon. In the chapter it indeed depicts the actual transformation from the entry to the passage out. In this chapter there was also a real dialogue between character, which I found to be odd considering it was only the second dialogue was used besides the beginning of the book. The falcon must be one of the most important creatures in ancient Egypt because of its mention if the Book of the Dead and it†s use in the Egyptian writing, hieroglyphics. Another transformation is from human to crocodile. That is very interesting because there is also a transformation into a swallow. The connection between both is somewhat odd because a crocodile is supposed to evil and a swallow is a symbol of innocence. Those transformations are quite the opposite. The chapters were very interesting on the transformations because it was uncanny to see what the Egyptians thought of some of the animals and birds. My favorite chapter of the whole book was the Hall of the Two Truths. The Hall of Two Truths is where a person†s would and actions from their life get weighed. If the balance is even between good and evil, the soul is sent to an afterlife. If the evil side over weighs the good side, then the person is sent to a bad place. The person must actually ask, â€Å"Do you know the names of the upper and lower portions of the doors? † This I think means have you weighed my good and evil. Then the person says, â€Å"Lord of Truth, Master of his Two Legs† is the name of the upper portion; ‘Lord of Strength, the One who commands the Cattle is the name of the Lower. â€Å"† These I think means did my good outweigh my evil. This chapter was the most interesting to me because it really described what happens at the hall of the Two Truths. The lives of the ancient Egyptians were based upon religious gods and texts. The Egyptian Book of the Dead was perhaps the most important written record of the importance. It was essentially a book of praises and hymns to the Egyptian Gods. This book was one of the many ways to enter a complete afterlife. The Egyptian society heavily believed and based their lives on the Book of the Dead is on it phrases and hymns to the ancient Egyptian Gods and afterlife passage. The rest of the book just ends with what it started out with, which were eulogistic praises to the Gods. Reading the Book of the Dead made me think more about how religious the Egyptians truly were. I think the Book of the Dead was in fact the key of their whole culture. If they hadn†t believed so strongly in something their purpose of living might have ceased to exist because afterlife is what made them go on with their lives and essentially the Book of the Dead was the passage to their blissful afterlife. The Egyptians probably had one of the most influential civilizations in all of history and the Book of the Dead was one of the key elements that made Egyptians have such a strong era.